Making Sense of Moral Reform

Brian Donovan, Department of Sociology,

University of Kansas

Organized efforts to reform sexual morality have shaped American public and private life from the Colonial period to the present day. Movements that focused on “life politics,” such as early 19^th century temperance societies, were the first national social movements in the United States and they had a tremendous influence on subsequent mobilization against private immoralities and the public exercise of state power (Young 2002). Moral reform and anti-vice movements functioned as vehicles for the reproduction of wealth and privilege in the 19^th century (Beisel 1997), and played an important role in creating and maintaining racial boundaries in the 20^th century (Donovan 2003). Several of these crusades mark ugly chapters in American history. Anthony Comstock, backed by the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice (NYSSV) and a far-reaching anti-obscenity law, arrested nearly one hundred people during the 1870s for selling abortifacients, contraceptives, and “indecent rubber articles” (Beisel 1997: 45). The NYSSV and New York’s Committee of Fourteen also made a sustained attack on urban gays in turn-of-the-century New York City (Chauncey 1994). Yet, other moral reform groups fall outside of our taken-for-granted categories of liberal/progressive and conservative/reactionary, and are much more resistant both to glorification and blanket condemnation.

Frances Willard of the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) exemplified the often double-edged quality of moral reform. Willard served as the president and guiding force of the WCTU from 1879 until her death in 1896. Twenty-first century readers of Willard’s speeches, essays, and journal entries, might feel as if they are riding a political roller coaster. The Feminist Frances can leave one breathless from her sharp insights about gender inequality. Willard advocated far-reaching reforms, including women’s political participation in voting and holding office, wives retaining their maiden names, mother’s custody of their children, women’s control over family size, and an elimination of divorce laws that favor men (Gifford 1995). As the largest women’s organization of the 19^th century, the WCTU was a vital resource for the suffrage movement and early feminist political action. At the same time, The Racist Frances can make one cringe at her descriptions of European immigrants, Arabs, and African Americans. Her journal contains numerous comparisons between her “Anglo Saxon nature” (Gifford 1995: 306-307) and the perceived immorality of people who fall outside the tight category of 19^th century whiteness. Willard engaged in a well-known dispute with Ida B. Wells over her refusal to publicly condemn lynching and her propagation of a primary justification for lynching: the “black beast rapist” myth (Bederman 1995).

In a historical context where personal familiarity with the perpetrator foreclosed any chance of seeking redress for sexual assault as sexual assault, seduction laws provided a needed legal resource.

A considerable body of historical and sociological scholarship focuses on the repressive qualities of these movements, characterizing their reform projects as a strategy of social control aimed at working-class women and racial minorities (for example, see Odem 1995; Parker 1997). Some have described these crusades as a “moral panic” or “sex panic” motivated by social anxiety and personal prudery. This scholarship has rightly highlighted the nativism, racism, and class bias of 19^th century moral reform, but the reforms that these organizations championed had unintended consequences and social actors used them in ways that movement leaders did not foresee. Using my current research on anti-seduction laws, I would like to discuss some of the legal outcomes of 19^th century sex reform in order to point toward a more nuanced appraisal of the role of these organizations in American history.

Organizations such as the WCTU and the Female Moral Reform Society fought for laws to punish sexual predators. These organizations drafted a law to criminalize seduction; the law deemed men guilty of seduction if they promised to marry a woman, yet reneged on this promise after the two of them had sexual intercourse. Setting a precedent for 35 other states, New York lawmakers passed the nation’s first criminal seduction law in 1848. As a legal expression of the 19^th century seduction narrative, New York’s seduction law was designed to protect the virginity of unmarried white women. In an attempt to theorize the connection between moral reform and legal power, I have analyzed transcripts of fifteen criminal seduction trials that were tried in New York City from 1903-1918. Reading through thousands of pages of testimony, I uncovered some surprising evidence of the law’s value in protecting vulnerable women in early urban America. Just as Larson (1997) discovered that the WCTU’s age of consent campaigns worked as a “back door strategy” to attack rape and incest, my research suggests that seduction laws were used to address a growing problem in the early 20^th century: acquaintance rape. Although the dating revolution of the early 20^th century allowed young men and women greater privacy and opportunities for intimacy, it also facilitated male sexual exploitation by supplanting supervised courtship. In several of the trials, victims’ testimony revealed that, although they had an intimate relationship with the defendant, they did not consent to sex. In this way, seduction laws acted as a proxy for laws against acquaintance rape; the complainant’s resistance to the act of intercourse signaled their “seduction” in the absence of legal categories that recognized these scenarios as rape. In fact, seven of the fifteen trials that I examined contained testimony about overt acts of physical sexual coercion and described situations that 21^st century readers would quickly identify as date rape.

Criminal seduction statutes – a significant victory for 19^th century moral reform movements – embodied a conservative strand of 19^th century feminism: the law drew its ideological backing from an essentialist understanding of gender, it held up the institution of marriage as the only site for legitimate sexual expression, and the law only protected women who were perceived as morally pure. Yet, criminal seduction laws must be viewed in their historical context. Despite the gains women made during the opening decades of the 20^th century, male sexual violence and the sexual double standard flourished. In a historical context where personal familiarity with the perpetrator foreclosed any chance of seeking redress for sexual assault as sexual assault, seduction laws provided a needed legal resource. Moreover, almost all of the complainants in the examined cases were first-generation immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe. During this era when Jews, Italians, Greeks, and Russians were considered outside of the category of “white” and the privileges ensured therein, immigrant women from these countries often faced a triple burden of poverty, racial bigotry, and gender discrimination. Although 19^th century reformers pushed for seduction laws explicitly to protect young white virgins from exploitation, New York’s seduction statute acted as a legal resource for some of the most vulnerable groups in the early 20^th century. Reformers’ shifts from Comstockian condemnations of immorality to prescient calls for social justice can leave one dizzy in the archives, but the lasting imprint of these movements on the legal sphere can point to their proper, albeit complicated, place in American history.

Works Cited

Bederman, Gail. 1995. Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Beisel, Nicola. 1997. Imperiled Innocents: Anthony Comstock and Family Reproduction in Victorian America. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

Chauncey, George. 1994. Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890-1940. New York: Basic Books.

Donovan, Brian. 2003. “The Sexual Basis of Racial Formation: Anti-Vice Activism and the Creation of the Twentieth-Century Color Line.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 26: 708-728. (forthcoming)

Gifford, Carolyn De Swarte 1995. Writing Out My Heart: selections from the journal of Frances E. Willard, 1855-96. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

Larson, Jane. 1997. “‘Even a Worm Will Turn at Last’: Rape Reform in Late Nineteenth-Century America.” Yale Journal of Law and the Humanities 9: 1-71.

Odem, Mary. 1995. Delinquent Daughters: Policing Adolescent Female Sexuality in the United States, 1885-1920. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

Parker, Alison M. 1997. Purifying America: Women, Cultural Reform, and Pro-Censorship Activism, 1873-1933. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

Young, Michael P. 2002. “Confessional Protest: The Religious Birth of U.S. National Social Movements.” American Sociological Review 67: 660-688.

Deadline for Fall 2003

Critical Mass Bulletin: October 1

Send your submissions to hull@umn.edu.

Research Update: Protracted Conflicts

Anthony Oberschall, Duke University and University of North Carolina

Although I retired in June 2002, I continue part-time teaching in a joint Duke-U. of North Carolina MA program on Peace and Conflict Resolution sponsored by Rotary International, with twenty fellows recruited worldwide. For the past decade I have researched conflict and conflict management in deeply divided societies, in the Balkans, in Northern Ireland, and in Jerusalem. The Jerusalem ("One City, Two Capital") research is suspended following the second intifada. For Northern Ireland I obtained a Fulbright grant under the New Century Scholars program for the study of shared sovereignty as a mode of democratic governance in deeply divided societies. My wife and I will interview political leaders and other influentials in England, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland on this topic May through July. My PhD student Ken Palmer has been in the field in Bosnia and Northern Ireland to research
implementation of the Dayton Accords and the Northern Ireland Peace Agreement.

The complex conflicts we are studying are sequences and mixtures of conflict and conciliation moves by challengers, regimes, and international bodies, themselves internally divided. Those who oppose the peace process use spoiler violence to torpedo ceasefires, peace agreements, and implementation, often successfully. Peace processes thus keep being interrupted and punctuated by resurging
violence. Outcomes are hard to predict, the process is long and full of uncertainties. My "protracted conflict" model shows some promise for capturing the dynamics. Field work and interviews with participants is a valuable source of information for complex conflict. If you have
information and insights on Bosnia and Northern Ireland, please get in touch with me at tonob@email.unc.edu.

New Web Site: Gulf War Protests

Gulf War Protests Bibliography: A new web-site lists academic studies on the protests against "Desert Storm" (1991). The works are divided into the following sections:

· General Descriptions

· Studies of Participants

· Media-Movement Interactions

· Public Perceptions of Gulf War Protesters.

www.geocities.com/gulfprotestsbib/index.html

Submitted by Eric Swank, Morehead State University

New Publications by Section Members

Adam, Barry D. 2002. "Theorizing the globalization of gay and lesbian movements." Research in Political Sociology 10: 123-137.

_____. 2002. "From liberation to transgression and beyond." In Handbook of Lesbian and Gay Studies, edited by Diane Richardson and Steve Seidman. Sage.

_____. 2001. "Globalization and the mobilization of gay and lesbian communities." In Globalization and Social Movements, edited by Pierre Hamel, Henri Lustiger-Thaler, Jan Nederveen Pieterse, and Sasha Roseneil. St Martin's/ Palgrave.

Bhavnani, Kum-Kum, John Foran and Priya A. Kurian (ed.s). 2003. Feminist Futures: Re-imagining Women, Culture and Development. Zed Press.

Diani, Mario, and Doug McAdam (ed.s). 2003. Social Movements and Networks: Relational Approaches to Collective Action. Oxford University Press.

Ferree, Myra Marx, William A. Gamson, Juergen Gerhards, and Dieter Rucht. 2002. Shaping Abortion Discourse: Democracy and the Public Sphere in Germany and the United States. Cambridge University Press.

Foran, John (ed.). 2003. The Future of Revolutions: Re-thinking Radical Change in the Age of Globalization. Zed Press.

Irwin, Robert McKee, Edward J. McCaughan, and Michelle Rocio Nasser (ed.s). 2003. The Famous 41: Sexuality and Social Control in Mexico, 1901. Palgrave Macmillan.

Platt, Gerald M., and Rhys H. Williams. 2002. "Ideological Language and Social Movement Mobilization: A Sociolinguistic Analysis of Segregationist Ideologies." Sociological Theory 20: 328-359.

Rupp, Leila J., and Verta Taylor. 2003. Drag Queens at the 801 Cabaret. University of Chicago Press.

Social Movement Sessions at the 2003 ASA Annual Meeting in Atlanta, August 16-19

Regular Sessions

Organizer: Sarah Soule, University of Arizona

Ø Diffusion and Institutionalization and Social Movements

Presider/Discussant: Barbara Wejnert, Cornell University; Jennifer Earl, UC Santa Barbara: “Controlling Dissent: The Development and Competition of Protest Policing Protocols in the US, 1960-1980”; Isaac W. Martin, UC Berkeley: “The Political Opportunity for Property Tax Limitation in the United States, 1964-1990”; Jamie L. Przybysz and Daniel J. Myers, Notre Dame: “The Diffusion of Contentious Gatherings in the Captain Swing Uprising”; Ion Vasi, Cornell University: “From Thinking Globally to Acting Locally? The Diffusion of the Campaign Against Global Climate Change Among Local Governments in the US and Canada.”

Ø Outcomes of Social Movements

Presider/Discussant: Jennifer Earl, UC Santa Barbara; Edwin Amenta and Neil Caren, New York University: “Leisure for the Old? Political Mediation and the Impact of the Townsend Plan”; Eric C. Dahlin, Marie Cornwall, Brigham Young University, and Brayden King, University of Arizona: “Winning Woman Suffrage One Step at a Time: Institutional Logics and Social Movement Success”; Rory M. McVeigh, Michael R. Welch, University of Notre Dame, and Thoroddur Bjarnason, SUNY Albany: “Hate Crime Reporting as a Successful Social Movement Outcome”; Celia Valiente, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid: “The Politics of Prostitution and the Women's Movement in Post-Authoritarian Spain.”

Ø Organizations and Social Movements

Presider/Discussant: John D. McCarthy, Pennsylvania State University; Kenneth T. Andrews, Harvard University and Bob Edwards, East Carolina State University: “The Impact of Grievances, Resources, and Civil Capacity on the Spatial Distribution of Local Environmentalism”; Rita Jalali: “When is a Women's Organization a Movement Organization? A Comparison of Feminist and Non-Feminist Organizations”; Debra Minkoff and Jon M. Agnone, University of Washington: “Protest Potential in the US Social Movement Sector”; Dingxin Zhao, University of Chicago: “Organizations and Place in the Anti-US Demonstrations after the 1999 Belgrade Embassy Bombing.”

Ø Culture and Collective Identity and Social Movements

Presider/Discussant: Elizabeth Armstrong, Indiana University; Pete Simi, University of Nebraska-Omaha and Robert Futrell, University of Nevada-Las Vegas: “Free Spaces, Collective Identity, and the Persistence of White Power Activism”; Lynn Horton, University of Texas at Austin: “Constructing Conservative Identity: New Social Movement Theory and Peasant Mobilization in Nicaragua”; Richard Eugene Widick, UC Santa Barbara: “Culture Under the Axe: Symbolic Order and Social Movement in the Redwood Timber Wars”; Melissa J. Wilde, Indiana University: "How Culture Mattered at the Second Vatican Council."

Ø Networks and Social Movements

Presider/Discussant: Brayden King, University of Arizona; Ann Mische, Rutgers University and Stephanie A. Karpinski: “Challenging Cohorts: Reconstructing the Institutional Field of Brazilian Youth Activism”; Lauren Heberle, University of Louisville: “Gendered Social Ties in the Munich NSDAP, 1925-1929”; Jocelyn S. Viterna, Indiana University: “Pulled and Pushed: Explaining Women's Micro-Level Mobilization into the Salvadoran Guerilla Army”; Mette Jensen, Yale University: “Approaching Rescue Efforts in Nazi-Occupied Europe as Social Movements.”

Ø Tactics, Strategies, and Repertoires of Social Movements

Presider/Discussant: David Meyer, UC Irvine; Jeff Larson, University of Arizona: “Organizational Resources and Repertoires of Collective Action”; Jo Reger, Oakland University and Suzanne Staggenborg, McGill University: “Cycles of Activism in Local Movement Organizations: Organizational Strategies in the National Organization for Women”; Frances Hasso, Oberlin College: “Divergent Protest Histories: Fields and Strategies in the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine”; Wayne A. Santoro, University of Iowa and Tony N. Brown, Vanderbilt: “Accommodationist Tendencies and Micro-Level Institutionalization.”

Ø Frames and Collective Movements

Presider/Discussant: Robert Benford, Southern Illinois University; Elizabeth Borland, University of Arizona: “Feminization of Protest: Making Women's Voices Heard in Argentina's Crisis”; Aguiles Chihu Amparan, UAM/Iztapalapa: “Collective Action Frames in the Discourse of the EZLN”; Belinda Robnett, UC Irvine: “Sign Me Up! Non-resonant Practices and Social Movement Frames”; Holly J. McCammon, Lyndi Hewitt, and Sandy Smith, Vanderbilt: “‘No Weapon Save Argument’: Strategic Frame Amplification in the US Woman Suffrage Movements.”

CBSM Section Sessions

Ø Globalization, Protest, and Transnational Mobilization

Organizer: Dana R. Fisher, Columbia University; Lesley J. Wood, Columbia University: “Breaking the Bank and Taking to the Streets – How Protesters Target Neoliberalism”; Dawn R. Wiest, SUNY Stony Brook: “Clashing Civilizations or a Global Civil Society? Assessing the Geography of TSMO Participation”: Tamara Kay, UC Berkeley: “Global Governance and Transnational Labor Cooperation in North America”; Lauren Langman and Douglas Morris, Loyola University of Chicago: “Globalization and Social Movements: The Impact of The WSF”; Michael Biggs, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign: “Protest by Suicide: Self-Immolation in the Global Repertoire, 1963-2002”; Discussant: Pamela Oliver, University of Wisconsin – Madison.

Ø Virtual Culture: The Internet and Social Movement Mobilization

Organizer: Guobin Yang, University of Hawaii; Presider/Discussant: David Hachen, University of Notre Dame; Alan Schussman, University of Arizona and Jennifer Earl, UC Santa Barbara: “Biography, Leadership, and E-Movements: Strategic Voting and the Changing Face of Contention in the Internet Age”; Stephen Zavestoski, University of San Francisco: “Social Movements and Agenda-Setting through Internet-based Citizen Participation in Regulatory Rulemaking”; Angel Adams, University of Wisconsin – Madison: “The Haiti Forum and Transnational Solidarity: Opportunities and Limits of an Internet-Mediated Public Sphere”; Paul Almeida, Texas A & M University and Mark Irving Lichbach, University of Maryland: “Press Coverage of Transnational Protest Events: A Comparative Analysis of Media Sources.”

Ø Social Movements and Law

Co-sponsored with Sociology of Law Section

Organizers: Anna-Maria Marshall, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign and Kathleen Hull, University of Minnesota; Presider/Discussant: Marc Steinberg, Smith College; David Jacobs, Ohio State University: “The Historical Determinants of Executions: Political Process and Capital Punishment”; Tamara Kay, UC Berkeley: “Bypassing the Law: The Effects of Labor Laws on Union Strategies”; Jodi Short, UC Berkeley: “Creating Peer Sexual Harassment: Mobilizing the Institutionalization Process for Legal and Organizational Change”; Lynn Jones, Northern Arizona University: “Saving a Movement from Destruction: Lawyers as Framers, Strategists, and Preservers During Abeyance.”

Ø Culture and Social Movements: Framing, Identity, and Diffusion Processes

Organizer: John A. Noakes, University of Pennsylvania; Papers TBA (check the annual meeting preliminary program online at www.asanet.org/convention/2003/).

CBSM Section Roundtables

Organizers: Yang Su and Deana Rohlinger, UC Irvine

1. Determinants of Movement Participation and Protest

Presider: Matthew Loveland; Matthew Loveland, University of Notre Dame, N. Eugene Walls, Daniel Myers, David Sikkink, and Ben Radcliff: “Race, Religious Tradition and Civil Rights Support”; Ed Collom, University of Southern Maine and Douglas Mitchell, University of California-Riverside: “Home Schooling as a Social Movement: Identifying the Determinants of Homeschoolers’ Perceptions”; Young-Jin Choi, University of Hawaii: “National Differences in East Asian-invested Enterprises in China: Historical Trends of Workers Resistance”; B.C. Ben Park and Shannon Head, Pennsylvania State University-DuBois: “Family Characteristics of Proactive Students at the Pennsylvania State University.”

2. Mass Media and Social Movements

Presider: Terence McDonnell; Terence McDonnell, Northwestern University: “Manipulation and the Media: ACT UP, Protest Art, and Legitimacy”; Cheng-Nan Hou, SUNY - Buffalo and Ming-Hsin Wang, Chuang-Tien Broadcasting Company: “Creating the Internet as Alternative Media”; Deana Rohlinger, UC –Irvine: “Theorizing Movement-Media Interactions: A Relational Approach”; Lisa Zottarelli, Idaho State University, T. S. Sunil, University of Texas - San Antonio, Colter Ellis, Idaho State University, Elizabeth Liebig, Idaho State University: “Mooving Art: Exploring a Collective Surge.”

3. (Re)creating Organizations

Presider: Leslie Bunnage; Leslie Bunnage, UC – Irvine: “The Emergence and Endurance of Solidarity: Exploring the Repercussions of Participation in the 1934 San Francisco General Strike”; Lorrell Kilpatrick, Purdue University: “The Impact of Muslim Feminist Movements: Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan”; Noel Packard, New School University: “Conceptualizing Parents as Victims of their Children: the founding of the False Memory Syndrome Foundation”; Joyce Bell, University of Minnesota: “The Cultural and Structural Determinants of Social Movement Factionalism and Radicalization.”

4. Movement Dynamics

Presider: Bob Edwards; Patrick Gillham, University of Colorado - Boulder and Bob Edwards, East Carolina University: “Global Justice Protest Organizers Respond to the Transformation of Political Opportunity: Washington, D.C., September 2001”; Kristie Taylor, Westat: “Consequences of Countermovement Collapse: German-American Anti-Prohibition Activism Against U.S. Alcohol Prohibition, 1904-1919”; Kimberly Dugan, East Connecticut State University: “Culture and Opportunities in Christian Right Anti-Gay Mobilization”; Jon Pennington, University of California-Berkeley: “The Role of Culture in Explaining the Failure of Social Movement Mobilization: Why Framing Is Not Enough.”

5. The Role of Institutions in Movement Outcomes

Presider: Kendra Schiffman; Kendra Schiffman, Northwestern University: “Expansion of Voting Rights for Women in the United States: Institutional Openness, State Government Formation, and Gender”; Eric Dahlin and Marie Cornwall, Brigham Young University, and Brayden King, University of Arizona: “The Impact of State Building on Woman Suffrage Legislation, 1848-1918”; Elizabeth Armstrong, Indiana University: “From Struggle to Settlement: Crystallization of a Field of Lesbian/Gay Organizations in San Francisco”; Jon Shefner, University of Tennessee, George Pasdirtz, University of Wisconsin, Regina Russell, and Sam Zahran, University of Tennessee: “Explaining Variation in Austerity Protest.”

6. Framing and Social Movements

Presider: Jason LaTouche; Jason LaTouche, UNC - Chapel Hill: “The Air Force Versus NICAP: Pyrrhic Framing Devices in the Formation of Conspiracy Organizations”; Cheryl Kingma-Kiekhofer: “Framing Strategies and the Evocation of Emotion in the Abortion Movement”; Helga Kristin Hallgrimsdottir: “Ideology and Frame: Understanding the Discursive Choices of the Knights of Labour and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union”;

Sara Smits, Syracuse University: “Experience and Narrative in Social Movement Organizations and the U.S. Central America Peace Movement.”

7. Social Movements and the State I

Presider: Michelle Bata; Michelle Bata, University of Arizona: “Challenging European Integration: Preliminary Evidence from the Basque Country”; Alison Cliath and Gregory Hooks, Washington State University: “Scripted or Strategic Violence? State-Sponsored Violence in Latin America”; Ganesh Kailas Trichur: “‘Cultural Expansion’ in the Global Conjuncture”; Matthew Kaliner and Bayliss Camp, Harvard University: “Statehouse Protest: Elements of Coordination and Claim-Making at State-Directed Political Protests.”

8. Social Movements and the State II

Presider: Jennifer Johnson; Jennifer Johnson, University of Chicago: “When Movements ‘Sub-Emerge’: Evidence for Rethinking Movement Demobilization Following Democratic Transition”; Judith Taylor, University of Toronto: “When Bureaucracies Adapt to Movement Ideas: Case Study of a Human Relations Commission”; Henning Hillmann, Columbia University: “Factional Politics and Credit Networks in Revolutionary Vermont”; Shun-hing Chan, Hong Kong Baptist University: “The Role of Culture in Social Movements: Re-examining Craig Calhoun's Theory on Civil Society.”

9. Social Movements and Strategic Response in Latin America

Presider: Krista Brumley; Krista Brumley, Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey: “Another World is Possible? NGO Strategies, Tactics, and Demands in Monterrey, Mexico”; Fernando Riosmena, University of Pennsylvania: “Charisma and the Ultimate Mexican Underclass: A Sociological Analysis of the Zapatista National Liberation Army”; Victoria Carty, Niagara University: “Transnational Solidarity in the Garment Industry: A Comparative Analysis of Mexico, Guatemala and Nicaragua”; Sabrina McCormick, Brown University: “Social Movements and Democratizing Knowledge: A Case Study of the Brazilian Anti-Dam Movement.”

10. Social Movements Responses to Globalization

Presider: Amory Starr; Amory Starr, Colorado State University: “‘...(excepting barricades erected to prevent us from peacefully assembling)’: violence in the anti-globalization movement”; Joe Bandy, Bowdoin College: “Holding Transnational Corporations Accountable: Corporate Responsibility Movements and Strategies of Resistance”; Christopher Chase-Dunn, University of California - Riverside and Terry Boswell, Emory University: “Transnational Social Movements and Democratic Socialist Parties in the Semiperiphery”; John Dale, California State University – Hayward: “Transnational Legal Space and Globalization: The Alien Tort Claims Act and the Free Burma Movement.”

11. Social Movement Strategies and Survival

Presider: Lynn Owens; Lynn Owens, UNC - Chapel Hill: “At Home in the Movement? Strategizing the Public-Private Boundary in Social Movements”; Nora Murad, Bentley College: “Where to Stick the Pin: Social Change Strategy in Today's Work Against Racism”; Kristie Ford, University of Michigan: “Does the Leader Make a Movement?: The Role of the Charismatic Leader in Social Movements”; Vondora Wilson-Corzen, SUNY - Stony Brook: “Applying Environmental Injustice to Eastern Long Island.”

12. Movements Related to Health Issues

Presider: Renee Beard; Renee Beard, UC - San Francisco: “The Alzheimer's Disease Movement: Aging, Social Structure, and the Incorporation of Narrative Accounts”; Chris Ganchoff, UC - San Francisco: “Regenerative Politics: Biotechnology and the (Re)constitution of Social Movements”; Tanis Doe, University of Victoria and G. E. Mortimore, Beacon Hill Communication: “The James Bay Dispute: Microcosm of Canadian Health Care/Reform.”

Call for Papers

Special Issue of Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa, and the Middle East

The inability of ruling political elites to legitimize the asymmetry between economic and juridical forms of ordering fragmenting nations in the neoliberal South expose the fallacy of assuming the universal validity of liberal legal norms such as equality for all before the law. Subordinated peoples struggling against and often in the shadow of a dominant law are producing new, open and contingent meanings of social justice, beyond dyadic liberal notions of procedural and substantive justice. These social actors are differently situated relative to multiple and overlapping local, national and transnational legal forces that may converge or diverge at specific localities. From these socio-spatial positions, actors construct differing and contingent standards of justice from contextual, as opposed to universal, norms that they mobilize in support of specific juridical claims. In this context, localized contests over the differing meanings of social justice are conceived as struggles to bring a particular kind of discourse about justice into a hegemonic position relative to a broader struggle over ideological hegemony between conflicting social groups constituted through historical and geographical time-spaces.

Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa, and the Middle East seeks critical essays for a special issue entitled “Contested Justices: Law, Difference and the Struggles of Subordinated Peoples in the South.” We are soliciting papers exploring how differently subordinated peoples in the South construct multiple, open and contingent notions of social justice through their struggles for socialist justice, worker justice, gender justice, environmental justice, ecological justice and racial justice.

Please submit essays of between 5,000 and 12,000 words (notes and references inclusive) by July 1, 2003. Formatting information is available on our website at <http//:www.cssaame.ilstu.edu>. We prefer electronic submissions to Ken Salo (kensalo@uiuc.edu) and Manisha Desai (mkdesai@staff.uiuc.edu), though essays may also be submitted in hardcopy to The University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, 1201 S. Dorner Drive Urbana, Illinois 61801-4778. If you have questions you can also call (217) 244-0285 or send a fax to (217) 244-3469. We also welcome relevant books for review or proposals for review essays.

Stay Abreast of the Field

Volume 8 Number 1. Features include a special book forum on Dynamics of Contention with commentaries by Taylor, Diani, Koopmans, Oliver, and Rucht; plus articles on the coevolution of social movements, boundary spanning contention, Chilean labor mobilization, reform and antiapartheid protest, and more.

Volume 8, Number 2 (June). A special focus issue on Space and Contentious Politics, Byron Miller and Deborah Martin, guest editors.

· Deborah Martin and Byron Miller, “Space and Contentious Politics”

· Joe Bandy and Jennifer Bickham Mendez, “Women’s Organizing Space in Mexican and Nicaraguan Maquilas”

· Neil Carter, “Political Identity, Territory, and Institutional Change in Belgium”

· Wendy Wolford, “Families, Fields, and Land Contention in Rural Brazil”

· John Guidry, “The Spatial Politics of Citizenship and Urban Movements in Brazil”

· Sallie Marston, “Mobilizing Geography: Locating Space in Social Movement Theory”

· Charles Tilly, “Contention over Space and Place”

Mobilization is published three times a year, February, June and October. Use the form below to order your subscription for volume 8 (2003). Fax it to 858 673 8402, or mail it to Mobilization, Department of Sociology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-4423. You may also subscribe by e-mail to the editor, Hank.Johnston@sdsu.edu, using a credit card (Visa, MasterCard or Amex). Please supply card number, expiration date and mailing address.

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Works Cited

2. Mass Media and Social Movements